Classic easy forex rats vs mice
The ratio of differentially expressed genes between wild mice and classical inbred strains increased in all the six types of tissues Fig. This result was consistent with findings in rats [ 13 ], suggesting that gene expression in hippocampus and frontal lobe may be closely associated to modifications in nervous system function in adult mice. The hypothalamus is an important brain region for behavioral performance in mice, but the result of RNA-seq in adult mice did not show a higher ratio of differentially expressed genes as compared to the three non-brain tissues Additional file 2 : Table S Hence, the common differentially expressed genes between the hippocampus and frontal lobe were used to select the final differentially expressed genes in brains.
The left vertical axis corresponds to the columns, indicating the increased part of differently expressed gene ratio in the PSGs compared with all genes. The right vertical axis corresponds to the dot and line, indicating the increased percentages of differently expressed gene ratio in the PSGs compared with all genes.
Each circle indicates one individual mouse, and error bars are standard error of mean SEM. A subset of these genes shows different and clear variations in the following qPCR validation Figs. S7 and Additional file 2 : Table S It has been shown that Kcnd2 is essential in the regulation of synaptic plasticity [ 52 , 53 ], and knockout mice exhibit enhanced sensitivity to mechanical stimuli [ 54 ].
Mutations of KCND2 in humans are related to autism [ 54 , 55 ]. All this evidence suggests that Kcnd2 is essential for the function of the nervous system and is involved in changes in behavior as a result of the domestication of mice.
Unlike Kcnd2, studies of Sebox are rare but one study reported that this gene is most highly expressed in the adult brains of mice [ 56 ], suggesting this gene may be involved in the nervous system and changes in behavior during the domestication process. Some genes shown to be only differentially expressed in the hippocampus or frontal lobe by RNA-seq could also be validated by qPCR Fig.
The Vwc2 gene is mainly expressed in the brain and it has been suggested that it plays a role in the domestication of dogs [ 7 ]. In mice, the expression of Vwc2 is very low, but a gene named Vwc2l with a similar structure and a much higher expression level is significantly and highly expressed in the hypothalamus and frontal lobe of wild mice Additional file 1 : Fig.
The results suggested that Vwc2l may be involved during behavioral selection in mice domestication. We then conducted an experiment to examine the relation of an SNP in the Astn2 gene to the modification of mouse tameness. The SNP located at Chr4. The frequency of the reference allele T of this SNP was only 4. Rectangles indicate Astn2 exons, and red rectangles indicate the exon specially exist in the isoform b.
In panels d, f, h, and i, each circle indicates one individual of mouse, and error bars are SEM. S13 and constructed a mutant mice strain. As expected, in the behavioral test of tameness Fig. In other words, the mutant mice often ran away or stretched their body to avoid the touch of human fingertips Fig. All these results indicated that the SNP located at Chr4.
Similar to the findings between classical inbred and wild mice mentioned above Additional file 1 : Fig. S12 , the mutant mice exhibited no significant changes of Astn2 expression in brain tissues as compared to tamed mice Fig. This result suggests that there may be three ways in which the Astn2 mutation affected tameness in mice. First, it may influence gene expression in special types of cells in the brain, so gene expression differences were hard to detect in total RNA from the brain tissue.
Second, the mutation may influence gene expression in embryos or juveniles and change development, but not in adult mice. Third, the mutation may influence behavior via alternating gene structure and splicing, but not total gene expression. Intron mutation alters ratio of two Astn2 isoforms To detect the mechanisms of tameness alternation in mutant mice, we further explored the details of the mouse Astn2 gene.
Astn2 has two alternative splicing mRNAs, isoform a and b. We designed primers to detect Astn2 isoform a and b specifically Fig. S15 , indicating that tameness was more associated with Astn2 isoform a. By using AlphaFold2 [ 58 ] and other analyses, we found the structure and binding pockets of the two isoforms exhibited obvious differences Additional file 1 : Fig. S16 , indicating there may be functional differences between the two splicing variants.
As far as we know, this is the first evidence indicating that a single SNP triggers the functional modification behavior via alternative splicing in animal evolution. Alternative splicing is a vital force driving the evolution of animals [ 59 , 60 , 61 ] and here we discovered an SNP that may influence splicing approximately kb downstream Additional file 1 : Fig.
Discussion During the past decade, genome-wide strategies detected PSGs associated with behavior or nervous systems in many domesticated species [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 62 , 63 ]. The identified set of PSGs in classic inbred mice of our study is closely associated with neurological functions, which is consistent with results published for model animal rat Rattus norvegicus living under almost identical conditions [ 13 ].
Foxp2 and Clock were two of the PSGs associated with learning and circadian rhythms in rats, respectively [ 13 ]. The top gene functional category in the PSGs, GABA-ergic synapses, also mirrored some of the genes in chicken domestication [ 64 ]. The discovery of the PSGs in our study will benefit future studies in behavior or physiology of these genes in classic inbred mice. Although many PSGs are found in domesticated animals, and some are closely associated with behavior traits [ 65 , 66 ], few of their positive selected loci are strictly validated in mutant animal models.
Astn2 is highly expressed in the cerebellum and hippocampus [ 67 ]. It has been reported that Astn2 attended neuronal migration [ 67 ] and surface protein trafficking [ 68 ]. ASTN2 is also widely proven to be associated with a number of mental illnesses in humans [ 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 ] and has exhibited a relationship with hippocampus volume [ 69 , 70 ].
Our results also support the view that the formation of tameness is dependent on a group of genes [ 63 ]. One SNP only triggered the modification of passive tameness Fig. In this study, we identified and detected shifts in expression variances occurring in Kcnd2, Sebox, and Vwc2l genes Fig. We found a different mechanism for rs in gene Astn2 which affected the tameness and changed the ratio of different alternative splicing variants as well Fig. The product of the Astn2 gene is a protein with two transmembrane regions, and the N- and C-terminals are both located outside the cell [ 73 ], leaving — amino acid residuals with intracellular location.
The deleted exon 4 was located at the intracellular part and did not cause a frameshift, but prediction with AlphaFold2 [ 58 ] and other analyses indicated that the structure and binding pockets of the two isoforms showed obvious differences between each other Additional file 1 : Fig. Thus, function of the Astn2 isoform a and b proteins may be strongly modified by their structure, so as to alter individual behaviors.
Alternative splicing is considered a major mechanism to enhance the diversity of transcriptome and proteome [ 59 ]. Growing evidence suggests that alternative splicing is a vital molecular mechanism of evolution [ 61 ] and development [ 74 , 75 ] because it seems to contribute to novel traits [ 76 , 77 ]. Our results further indicate that some SNPs may firstly reinforce one product of the alternative splicing under natural or artificial selection via SNPs or point mutations and finalize the functional changes via several steps under persistent selection pressure.
It is still unknown as to how an SNP affects alternative splicing approximately kb downstream Additional file 1 : Fig. Although different alternative splicing was found to be closely associated with tameness modification in mice, the causal mechanism needs further investigation. Some other factors, such as trans-acting effects, may play a role in causing tameness modification. Behavioral heterogeneity has been proven to exist among different mouse strains [ 78 , 79 , 80 ], and wild or domesticated genetic background altered the results of behavioral tests in the mutant mice model [ 81 ].
By using a large population of wild mice covering three subspecies, our results indicated that the classical inbred mice are distinctly clustered from all the wild mice and wild-derived inbred mice strains Fig. Genetic differences identified between classical inbred and wild mice are closely associated with the nervous system and behavior Additional file 1 : Fig. S7 and Additional file 2 : Table S14 and may supply valuable implications for the studies of neuroethology.
Furthermore, classical inbred mice are composed of several small clades Fig. Conclusion By using resequencing genomic data of 36 wild mice, we identified PSGs associated with domestication of the house mouse in laboratory conditions.
GO analysis revealed that the PSGs are associated with membrane potential, transporter complex, and synapses. Approximately one third of these PSGs are highly expressed in the brain, and genes exhibited abnormal phenotypes of behavior and in the nervous system. RNA-seq reveals that differentially expressed PSG genes were highly enriched in the hippocampus and frontal lobe. Our results provide valuable cues for studying physiology and behaviors of animals using mouse models.
Methods Ethics Keeping and management of wild and laboratory mice included in this study followed the guidelines of Institute of Zoology and were approved by the Ethics Committee of the Institute of Zoology IOZ Samples and sequencing Totally 36 wild house mouse individuals were included in the experiment to explore genetic features of mice domestication, including 11 M. Eleven samples of M. The 8 samples from Germany were captured from the wild, and the other 3 were the offspring of wild mice after generation 3, 4, and 14 inbred mating.
The 9 samples of M. Investors may also favor carry trades as they earn interest revenue even if the currency pair fails to move one penny. This often isn't the case, as forex trading typically entails currencies fluctuating values. However, there is potential to earn both interest revenue as well as capital appreciation with these types of trades. What the carry traders are looking for is the yield—any capital appreciation is just a bonus.
Therefore, most carry traders, especially the big hedge funds that have a lot of money at stake, are perfectly happy if the currency does not move one penny, because they will still earn the leveraged yield. As long as the currency doesn't fall, carry traders will essentially get paid while they wait.
Also, traders and investors are more comfortable with taking on risk in low volatility environments. Central Banks and Interest Rates Carry trades work when central banks are either increasing interest rates or plan to increase them. Money can now be moved from one country to another at the click of a mouse, and big investors are not hesitant to move around their money in search of not only high but also increased yield.
The attractiveness of the carry trade is not only in the yield but also the capital appreciation. When a central bank is raising interest rates, the world notices and there are typically many people piling into the same carry trade, pushing the value of the currency pair higher in the process. The key is to try to get into the beginning of the rate tightening cycle and not the end. The profitability of the carry trades comes into question when the countries that offer high-interest rates begin to cut them.
The initial shift in monetary policy tends to represent a major shift in trend for the currency. For carry trades to succeed, the currency pair either needs to not change in value or appreciate. When interest rates decrease, foreign investors are less compelled to go long the currency pair and are more likely to look elsewhere for more profitable opportunities.
When this happens, demand for the currency pair wanes and it begins to sell off. It is not difficult to realize that this strategy fails instantly if the exchange rate devalues by more than the average annual yield. With the use of leverage, losses can be even more significant, which is why when carry trades go wrong, the liquidation can be devastating. Central Bank Risk Carry trades will also fail if a central bank intervenes in the foreign exchange market to stop its currency from rising or to prevent it from falling further.
For countries that are export-dependent, an excessively strong currency could take a big bite out of exports while an excessively weak currency could hurt the earnings of companies with foreign operations. Therefore if the Aussie or Kiwi , for example, gets excessively strong, the central banks of those countries could resort to verbal or physical intervention to stem the currency's rise.
Any hint of intervention could reverse the gains in the carry trades. An effective carry trade strategy does not simply involve going long a currency with the highest yield and shorting a currency with the lowest yield. While the current level of the interest rate is important, what is even more important is the future direction of interest rates. For example, the U. Also, carry trades only work when the markets are complacent or optimistic.
Uncertainty, concern, and fear can cause investors to unwind their carry trades. Since carry trades are often leveraged investments, the actual losses were probably much greater. Best Way to Trade Carry When it comes to the carry trades, at any point in time, one central bank may be holding interest rates steady while another may be increasing or decreasing them. With a basket that consists of the three highest and the three lowest yielding currencies, any one currency pair only represents a portion of the whole portfolio; therefore, even if there is carry trade liquidation in one currency pair, the losses are controlled by owning a basket.
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Classic easy forex rats vs mice what is the point spread on the villanova game
Rats VS Mice
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Rat Zapper The rat zapper is by far our favorite for a couple of reasons. We know it works with thousands and thousands of reviews and having tested it. It even works great. This savior leaves no mess, and there are no chemicals or anything poisonous.
So, how does it work? You put the bait in the trap, turn it on, and wait for the music to play. The animal will trigger a sensor, and a continuous shock will get the job done. Are you impressed by the ease as well? We definitely were! You will also want to follow the recommendations regarding where to place the traps.
Rats are generally more cautious than mice, which will impact how easy they are to catch. Mouse Trap by Briteen The trap by Briteen is pretty conventional. Similar to the traps we included above, these are electric. There are other, more primitive options out there. Those traps do not work nearly as well.
I repeat. Those traps do not work. These traps are much more humane than some more primitive traps. Or that is, unnecessary pain should be avoided. Get it over with, and get it over with quick. You can get bigger packs, too. We just thought that six should probably be good to get you started. How do you identify mice vs. However, how do you identify mice versus rats?
Which animal do you believe this is? Are you ready? They are nasty creatures, and they can be big. A rat and a mouse are two separate species of pests with the mouse falling under the genus mus and rats under the genus rattus. The house mouse is one of the most experienced species of mice that mainly lives with homeowners. The common species of rats to live with people are the Norway rat and roof rat. Each of these pest are equally unwanted and can cause a lot of damages throughout your home.
Not to mention, rats and mice tend to carry numerous diseases and harmful pathogens that can spread to people or pets causing health problems. The quicker you learn which rodent is infesting your home the faster and easier it will be to repel and eliminate them from your property. To learn the differences between rats and mice such as behavior, size, habitat and more then read on. Throughout this DIY guide, you may see some similarities between rats and mice because they belong to the same family, but there are important key differences to take note of for successful rodent control.
But if you learn about the obvious physical differences between rats and mice, then it can be done. Rats and mice are similar in some ways with the exception that rats are noticeable bigger than mice. They both have hairless long tails, circular ears, similar coloration, snouts, and texture in fur. To learn what rats or mice look like then look at the characteristics listed below.
Size Rats are nearly double the length of house mice, with Norway rats being the largest and roof rats following close behind. House mice are 4 inches in length including the tail. Due to their size they are able to fit through openings as small as a dime. Norway rats measure about 16 inches with their tail measuring more than 8 inches. In size, roof rats are about 8 inches in length and tails measuring 7 to 10 inches. Despite their size, rats are able to fit through openings as small as a quarter.
Ears Ears of house mice are large and floppy. Rat ears are small, hairy and thin. Head and Snout Shape Rats have big heads and with large teeth and more of a heavier blunt shape snout. A mouse have a triangular-shaped head and pointed snout with long whiskers. Fur and Color A house mouse has a brown or gray coloration with woolly or velvet textured fur.
Rats will have brown, gray, to black colored hair with pale white undersides and velvet textured fur. Tail Rat tails are noticeable thicker than a mouse's tail and they have a scaly appearance and few bristly hairs. House mouse tails have hairs on them that are the same color as the pests body and it will be long and thin.
Body Bodies of house mice are more rounded and short than that of rats. Rat bodies differentiate between mice by being more larger, thinner, and slender shaped. Mouse Behavior vs Rat Behavior Both mouse and rats prefer to be more active at night when there is less activity in your home.
However, when it comes to their behavior for finding food, water, and areas to nest their behavior for finding these resources can be slightly different. Both rats and mice tend to be shy when it comes to being discovered or exploring new environments or things.
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