The German and Spanish giants have gone head-to-head many times in the Champions League - more often than not in thrilling games. Conference on science and technology in Africa There will be a conference of Africa n o w, more than at any time in the long history of the evolution. Northern Premier League, Premier Division standings Liga soccer matches played in Germany the Southern League was known as The Evo-Stik League Southern. BETTING LINES FOOTBALL EXPLAINED TO GIRLS

February 20 marks a year to the day since Wayne Shaw's life got turned upside down during that fateful FA Cup clash against Arsenal, but in case you missed it, Goal breaks down exactly what happened and what the 'Roly Poly Goalie' is up to these days. Who is Wayne Shaw? A semi-professional footballer, Wayne Shaw started his career at Southampton where he played as a striker in the Saints' youth ranks alongside future England internationals Alan Shearer and Matt Le Tissier.

We beat Salisbury and I've been in goal ever since. What is PieGate? In the season, National League side Sutton United made it to the fifth round of the FA Cup where they would face Arsenal at the Borough Sports Ground — a massive achievement for a club with such slender means.

But the big talking point heading into the game was nothing to do with the club punching above their weight, it was all centred around whether coach and reserve goalkeeper Wayne Shaw would eat a pie live on television after The Sun's betting branch offered odds on such a scenario. Most African countries have embarked on a period of economic development characterized by the use of modern meth- ods. This would not have been possible if they had not imported technology by attracting foreign capital and foreign indus- trial processes.

It m a y well be wondered whether such development is in the long- term national interests of these countries. With this question in mind, after looking at the real significance of the transfer of technology n o w taking place between developed and developing countries w e shall discuss the relations which exist in Black Africa between economic and indus- trial development and the protection of the environment. W e shall then consider the links between population growth and scientific and technological development and conclude with a survey of prospects for the use of science and technology in Africa.

Transfer of technology in Black Africa In the s m a n y African States became independent and their governments had quickly to formulate development stra- tegies to further national economic and so- cial progress. Very often, however, that development was regarded as a linear opera- tion which consisted in catching u p with the 88Problems of scientific and technological development in Black Africa advanced countries, not in the economic and social reorganization of a whole society to enable it to stand o n its o w n feet in essential matters.

It is not surprising, therefore, that mass importation of tech- nology was a current practice a m o n g African countries. Yet experience n o w shows that the transfer of technology often threatens the political and economic inde- pendence of the beneficiary country. A s one observer has put it: 'The prob- lem for firms in developing countries is not simply to obtain advice and acquire exper- tise It is also—what is often m o r e important—to put that advice and exper- tise to economically profitable use Ability of this kind is precisely what c o m - panies in developing countries frequently lack.

Because of that, m a n y beneficiary firms have good reason to rely on the intermediary role of production undertak- ings in developed countries which mani- festly possess such ability [2]. It is often even better off, for it can also obtain a legal monopoly, since African countries' domestic markets are so small that they are forced to accept conditions of that kind or else foreign industrialists would not invest in them.

Because of conditions which create a monopoly situation for the supplier firm, the beneficiary country is deprived of access to other suppliers' products which are available on the world market even on highly favourable terms. There are also usually stipulations obliging the beneficiary enterprise to provide the processing equip- ment. Hence, in the long run, contrary to appearances, it is not the beneficiary but the supplier country which profits from these transfers: in addition to the substan- tial amount of foreign currency it acquires from the sale of its technology, it derives considerable long-term benefits by operat- ing the exported processes.

Clearly the access to existing expertise and technology which the beneficiary coun- try thus acquires does nothing to strengthen its technological independence. O n the contrary, there is a dangerous tendency to rely on foreign sources of technology and to adopt indiscriminately any methods or criteria coming from industrialized coun- tries.

It is important to remember, however, that any scientific or technological inven- tion is related to the socio-economic and socio-cultural conditions in which it is born. Generally speaking, the technology of advanced countries tends to m a k e an undertaking as economically profitable as possible, in a setting in which capital is often available and labour scarce. Conditions are quite different in Black African countries, where, on the contrary, there is a surplus of labour and capital is rare.

For the various reasons I have m e n - tioned, the possibility of procuring the transfer of technology should never be preferred to a conscious effort by a society to create the technology appropriate to its specific developmental conditions. W h a t is more , transfer of technology is meaningless unless it helps the country effectively towards real technological independence.

Unfortunately, this very seldom happens in the present system of relations between developed and developing countries, parti- cularly those in Black Africa. Yet in recent years uncontrolled economic and industrial development in those coun- tries has considerably aggravated the harm m a n does to his environment.

W e m a y therefore inquire h o w the African countries react to this negative aspect of development in industrialized nations, and what place protection of the environment occupies in their development strategies. At this point w e must re-empha- size that, for us, the environment means the total reality of the h u m a n world, including physical as well as social, eco- nomic and political elements; it cannot be limited to ecology alone.

Detailed studies have shown that the African economies are really an entity in which every sector conditions the others. Basically, the dependent capitalist struc- ture of these economies is the origin of a 'modern' import-substitution industrial sec- tor which exploits the agricultural sector and simultaneously prevents it from advancing, the driving economic force behind the process being the profit of the industrial sector.

In these circumstances present-day Africa is undergoing a process of economic and industrial development that is broadly marked by a serious degradation of the environment due to the frequent use by African farmers of methods which, under the conditions of the precolonial continent, did not dangerously threaten the environ- ment. In the Africa of today, however, these methods irreversibly destroy not only the forests, which are far fewer than they were, but even the soil, in particular through the misuse of the pesticides and chemical fertilizers or through harmful cropping.

A start has been m a d e towards creat- ing some awareness of these problems. In October , for example, the first confer- ence on the rational utilization and conser- vation of nature took place at Tananarive. It adopted a series of pertinent resolutions which stressed the need for adequate protection of the priceless heritage repre- sented by fauna and flora in Malagasy.

In its resolutions it laid special emphasis on Traditional and modern In Black Africa certain discoveries of industrial civilization which were introduced with colonization especially after the Second World War m a d e swift progress possible in m a n y fields, in particular industry and medicine.

Because agriculture remained under the sway of traditional methods of cultivation, economists have often been led to divide African economies into t w o sectors: a modern industrial sector and a traditional and backward agri- cultural sector. Seen from this angle, development consists in the gradual absorption of the traditional sector by the modern.

But economic and industrial develop- ment raises other kinds of environmental problems. Certain large structures parti- cularly dams , for instance, have been built without any previous thorough study of the various consequences they might have for the environment. In G h a n a , for exam- ple, the River Volta d a m has created the largest artificial lake in the world, and this has affected the environment. Waterborne diseases such as bilharziasis have returned and certain climatic changes have been noticed in the area, resulting in fresh problems for the indigenous population.

The fact is that a preliminary multi- disciplinary study of the project would definitely have m a d e it possible to avoid m a n y of these disadvantages. Fortunately, in G h a n a they are greatly outweighed by the clear benefits which the inhabitants have derived from the d a m , particularly since the Ghanaian Government is giving them some help to deal with the situation.

The same cannot be said of the Cabora Bassa d a m project n o w under construction in Mozambique , which is still under Portu- guese domination. In pursuing this huge scheme to be the fourth largest d a m in the world , the Portuguese authorities and their allies do not seem to have taken account of anything except their o w n selfish interests, or to have set any store by the health and welfare of the indigenous popu- lation.

Taking a broader view, w e must repeat what w e indicated about the transfer of technology: every imported or n e w technology should be matched to its pro- posed environment and introduced into this as gently as possible. This means that scientific research and decision-making about problems of this kind must be hand- led on a national and multidisciplinary scale.

In our view, n o w that the environ- mental crisis is assuming alarming world proportions, the developing countries, particularly in Africa, have an exceptional opportunity to avoid a blind commitment to the paths of development of the former colonial nations. W e shall thus be able to m a k e a fundamental contribution to the protection of the h u m a n environment in this field also.

Population growth, scientific and technological development It has become the custom to relate environ- mental problems to population growth, which is regarded as a negative factor for the environment. The growing pressure exercised by a constantly rising population is held responsible for the increasing quan- titative and qualitative deterioration of fauna, flora and soils.

This neo-malthusian approach, when taken a stage further, leads to the view that rapid population growth hampers a nation's economic and social expansion, and in particular its scientific and technological development. W e must n o w consider the specific significance of this approach for Black Africa.

The neo-malthusian doctrines are familiar territory. Their central theme is that the countries of the third world are distinguished by a lack of capital for essen- tial investment in various fields of industry, agriculture, m a n p o w e r training, education and health. At the same time, because of their rapid population growth, their govern- ments are faced with added social liabilities 91Landing Savane in education, health and employment and so are forced to spend on these sectors capital which could otherwise help to provide industrial and agricultural equip- ment and thus further the expansion of their national production capacity.

Further- more , steep population rise tends to lessen the relative significance of advances by overtaking the benefits which they pro- mote. M a n y factors seem to confirm the neo- malthusian hypotheses w h e n applied to scientific and technological development. T h e inability of local authorities to meet situations such as the rapid rise in the numbers of schoolchildren and university students leads to a striking decline in educational standards.

This is because, of course, of a lack of properly qualified staff and, above all, the steadily deepening crisis n o w affecting African educational systems. A s I pointed out earlier, these systems have not been fully adapted to the n e w condi- tions which arose after independence. In addition, at the universities, m a n y of which are important research centres in Africa, the staff mainly Africans are in such great demand for teaching duties that they have scarcely any time left for research.

Nearly all lecturers in medicine and phar- macology, for example, are practitioners as well as teachers and, because of the short- age of medical personnel in Africa, cannot easily take up research. In the final analysis, then, the main obstacle to scientific and technological development in Africa south of the Sahara is not population growth but the failure to establish any scientific and technological policy which could abolish dependence in this field.

T o achieve this, governments must have the proper means of controlling and directing research institutes and a thoroughly effective policy for training and Population growth and research It seems that one reason w h y African countries devote such an insignificant proportion of their gross domestic product to research is, once again, that they face growing burdens in various nonproductive fields because of their population growth. It is not surprising, then, that a good m a n y African research institutes are still financed or managed by foreign institutions or else suffer from a severe shortage of resources which greatly hampers their potential.

Hence population growth, in the present framework of African societies, can be said to exert a somewhat unfavourable effect on national scientific and technological development. Yet to regard population growth as the chief drawback would be to ignore the really fundamental problems of research, which represent greater handicaps to independent scientific and tech- nological development in African countries.

I have described these factors in discussing the principal features of scientific and techno- logical research in Black Africa. In view of the actual conditions in African countries, political and moral stimuli would doubtless be more productive than material induce- ments. But these—indeed, the entire policy of reorientation which w e are advocating— must await far-reaching political, economic and social changes.

Scientific and industrial development, however, is only one aspect of the general problem of economic and social devel- opment. T h e development strategies e m - ployed in Africa have seldom led to anything m o r e than an illusion of development—the conspicuous affluence of a very small minority of the population based on exploi- tation of the vast majority and their continued subjection to extremely preca- rious living conditions. Consequently, as a matter of urgency, the African countries must abandon these patterns of growth without development of their 'extraverted economies' and turn to strategies of 'self- sustaining development', directed towards the welfare of those classes of society which have hitherto been barred from develop- ment mainly the peasants [4].

Conclusion: prospects for the future It is therefore clear in m y mind that certain political, economic and social conditions must be created if a true scientific and tech- nological development is to be possible in Africa. It would be foolish to underesti- mate the difficulties which are bound to exist even after those conditions have been estab- lished. A t the national level the major diffi- culty is the scarcity of h u m a n resources senior scientific personnel and of finance investment capital.

African countries must narrow and concentrate their ambi- tions, accept the sacrifices necessary for progressive research, and give applied research the highest priority. It must be clear that they cannot possibly adopt inappropriate international standards gov- erning, for example, the correct proportion of the gross national product to invest in research. At the. In a self-sustaining economy this is what is needed for national develop- ment. Internationally, assistance from for- eign sources must be properly geared to national research programmes.

T h e part- ners in aid must therefore co-operate fully and honestly in applying science and tech- nology to development. There is no doubt that this condition generally remains unfulfilled. African States are definitely starting on the path to progress, and are certain to benefit from the establishment of that kind of co-operation a m o n g themselves. It is bound to further their technological liber- ation, seeing h o w truly essential it is that the narrow frontiers of African micro- States should disappear for this as for other purposes.

In our view, Africa has a pressing duty to protect its exceptional all-round poten- tial against the deadly attack of the advanc- ed civilizations. Its task is to find a w a y of its o w n which will permit a development commensurate with present scientific achie- vements and yet enable Africa to be a civilization in which the principal aim of the development process shall remain the fulfilment of every m e m b e r of society.

Dakar, Decem- ber IDEP Reproduction Dakar, December Paris, Ifan-Anthropos, Population resources, technology and development. Survey on the scientific and technical potential of the countries of Africa.

Nairobi Office, World plan of action for the application of science and technology to development: Report of the Advisory Committee on the Application of Science and Technology to Development. March Science for a developing world. London, World Federation of Scientific Workers, Technology tradition, and the state in Africa. Rich against poor. The economics of African development.

Developing the third world. London, Cambridge University Press, The way to economic independence Ghana. Television film in the series Africa '72, Tokyo, M a y Odhiambo Africa's tardiness in developing a modern, scientific- technical base for its various national economies is explained by historical colonial and contemporary social reasons. Adopting an appropriate system n o w from the technically developed countries is one solution to the problem, while adapting a system to specific national needs is another.

Here is proposed a method of scheduling the priorities for research planning, innova- tion and technical education. The decisions facing a statesman in an independent African nation today are more acute than at any time in the present cen- tury.

Not only has he to assure his country of the process of consolidation of political independence of the nation, he has also to assume responsibilities n e w to his erstwhile political upbringing and experience. These new responsibilities include the nation's right to economic independence, its expec- tation of medical and social well-being, and Professor Thomas R. He can be addressed, in the latter capacity, at P.

Box Nairobi Kenya. A large majority of the present leader- ship in Africa has not had the opportunity of preparing itself fully for these responsi- bilities. The leaders have been too busy winning political independence. Yet they have to m a k e some hard decisions pretty quickly if their nations are to have a reasonable chance of competing success- fully in the current technologically orien- ted, science-based civilization.

A m o n g the crucial choices open to African statesmen is that of adopting the accumulated store of scientific and techno- logical knowledge as a source of ideas and tools for solving the problems that might lead to a n e w phase in socio-economic Impact of Science on Society. Odhiambo development. There are several indications that African statesmen seriously consider science and technology as providing a vital arsenal for solving development problems.

In a recent press interview, for example, the Minister for Labour in the Kenyan Govern- ment, M r Ngala M w e n d w a , had this to say in regard to technological education at the university level: 'I a m afraid w e might be creating our o w n special elite of unemployed They are mainly M A s and B A s in liberal arts —subjects which w e needed nine years a g o.

These graduates will be administra- tors, company secretaries B A s and M A s are not trivial qualifications, but these graduates are academics, not skilled m a n p o w e r. W e will have to specialize [l]. The design of a n e w strategy for development based on science and technology demands that w e examine the capability and potential of Africa in the fields of scientific discovery, technological innovation, and practical application.

Africa can be justifiably proud of its past technological achievements, as reveal- ed in recent archaeological excavations and historical research into the civilization of Songai, Mali, Zaire, Zimbabwe, Nubia and others. The fact remains, however, that the gap between the technological expertise of earlier periods and modern scientific achievements is such that the former cannot provide the base and perspective necessary n o w for the renaissance of Afri- can science.

If Africa is to m a k e any contribution to science and to its applica- tion to technology, then it must embrace those modes of thought and those tools of science that have been instrumental in ushering in the present technocratic age. The colonial era in Africa was an important one in the history of science on this continent. A c o m m o n feature of the institutional arrangements in past colonial periods is that the research institutes were largely organized a in the field of c o m - modity research—the Cocoa Research Institute in West Africa, the Cotton Research Station in Uganda, or the Marine Fisheries Research Organization in Zan- zibar; and b in the field of h u m a n and animal health—the Malaria Research Ins- titute in Tanzania or the Tsetse Research Institute in Nigeria.

Whole areas of research in industry were left out. Quite rightly at the time, it was felt that industrial research should be concentrated in the metropolitan countries. African countries should n o w re-examine this situation. Science flourishes most effectively through the use of analytical methods of investigation. These consist of the identifi- cation of a particular question and isolat- ing it from a plethora of other problems in the same area.

The appropriate tools of study are then focused on this particular problem. The methods require strict adher- ence to the principle of objectivity, and 1. Figures in brackets refer to references at the end of this article. W h y Africa failed to develop sciences The world view of the so-called Bantu and Nilotic peoples of Africa does not quite fit into this scheme of things. The all-embrac- ing monistic world view is a grand synthe- sis, in which all living things, inanimate matter, life, death, energy, forces, and the departed souls all form one single, dynamic system.

The details of this world view have already been highlighted by Professor B. Ogot and myself [2]. Suffice it here to summarize that this world view has not provided the right environment for the analytical method to flourish in Black Africa. It m a y well be that this is the major reason w h y Africa has not, by itself, ' developed the so-called exact sciences to a self-sustaining degree. This must not be taken to m e a n that Africa will never sustain these sciences once they are established in Africa.

But it implies that a decisive factor of whether or not the exact sciences will ever flourish in Africa is whether or not African disciples of science can help develop a socio- philosophical environment that will sti- mulate the ascendancy of the analy- tical method. In those areas of science where synthe- sis is just as important as analysis, as in biology and sociology, Africa has great expectations, in making major contribu- tions to world knowledge.

Indeed, as Africa starts to develop her scientific community, these are the very areas in which the first discoveries of international importance are likely to emanate from Africa. The question of the transfer of tech- nology from the industrialized nations to the developing countries is a question which is dominating the strategy being designed for the United Nations Second Development Decade.

This view is clearly put by D r Surendra J. M a n y planners are wrestling with the problems of patent transfer, substitu- tion of domestic for imported technology, technical m a n p o w e r development, and comparable questions. In a similar vein, the Social and Economic Council of the United Nations, the International Council of Scientific Unions, the Commonwea l th Scientific Council and m a n y other agencies have set up special committees in recent years to consider the question of the appli- cation of science to technology as it relates to enhanced progress of the developing countries.

For their o w n long-term and more stable future, the developing coun- tries need to view these two problems within a more far-reaching perspective. Six considerations in science strategy There are six groups of considerations which should help us in setting up a science strategy for Africa: 1. Urgent projects in need of solution. Generous budgetary provisions for science. Adequate rewards for scientists: 4. Management skills in the organization of the scientific effort and its utilization.

Science-oriented education. Odhiambo 6. The establishment of a resident scien- tific community. Most scientists prefer to work on projects which are in need of urgent solution. These same scientists work best under pressure, when their solutions are eagerly awaited.

It does not really matter whether the problem facing them is a practical one or a seem- ingly theoretical one: these scientists work most effectively w h e n they believe that any time spent on work not absolutely relevant to the urgent problem at hand is time was- ted. The motivating factor behind an Afri- can scientist, therefore, should be that the problem he is investigating is one which is terribly urgent—to the country, his o w n per- sonal advancement, and the world at large.

Such a viewpoint precipitates inquiry as to whether or not African countries have a list of what they consider to be urgent problems. There is a strong suspicion that they do not. A prompt response to the true situation should be, therefore, that the first and foremost task of science policy agencies in Africa is the putting together of this very bag of problems.

Once such a bag has been put together, it will be clear that Africa need only concentrate on solu- tions to these problems in order to inaugu- rate its scientific era. Africa need not bother with contro- versies regarding fundamental versus ap- plied research. It does not have to squander time in considering the problems of techno- logy transfer. It does not have to limit its range merely to the application of science to technology.

Africa can look to the time, rather, when it will be establishing n e w fields of science and creating n e w techno- logy relevant to its o w n environment. Such guarded optimism can only be realized if budgetary provisions on a generous scale are m a d e for national scien- tific efforts. Scientific activity requires some minimal expenditure for the scientific per- sonnel, administrative and other support staff, basic equipment, and the mainten- ance of communication channels with the international scientific community.

A n environment in which to innovate T o aspire to an environment that encour- ages the unusual idea or invention, funds must be m a d e available for scientific needs beyond the merely basic: for continuous post-professional training and experience, adequate library facilities and information retrieval systems, scientific staff exchanges, n e w equipment, and the like. In Africa, in short, the needs of a scientist to create a stimulating environment for thinking has yet to be given adequate recognition.

Such an environment should also have an additional dimension. It should ensure that the scientist gets sufficient social reward for his endeavours. H e should feel wanted. If he is working on an urgent project, he should feel indispensable. Thus, the State should not only provide for adequate financial reward to the scientist; the public should also recognize his central role in development by creating the necessary forms of social reward for him.

The most neglected area of science policy in Africa and indeed in m a n y other parts of the world is the application of management science. Long-range planning of scientific effort in a given country requi- res that a concerted interplay be put into operation, combining operational research, econometrics, system analysis, and social 98The planning and teaching of science according to national needs evaluation of the scientific product be it a hypothesis, an idea to be tested, or a tech- nological product.

Activity of this kind is what has become k n o w n as management science. Africa has hardly put this to the test in organizing its unfolding scientific effort. Concern of present African leaders for training in science and technology has already been pointed out. Related to this question is the larger one of establishing and nurturing an indigenous scientific community.

In simple statistical terms, Africa is lagging far behind in training its cadre of scientific workers. Whereas Africa has only 7 science-oriented graduates per , of population, Latin America has 32, the Arab States 42, Asia 75, Europe , and the United States For Africa to establish a stable, innovative, self-sustain- ing scientific community, it will have to exert special effort and enunciate a deliber- ate policy to do so. Identification of priority projects T h e main focus of science and technology in Africa must be that they aid the socio- economic development of the continent.

In doing so, it is not necessary that African scientists isolate themselves from the inter- national scientific community in order to achieve its parochial goals. Indeed, for the African scientific community to grow and strengthen its o w n standing and effective- ness it must ensure that its channels of communication, inspiration, and cross- fertilization be open. W h a t is vital, on the other side of the coin, is that the African scientific community be ready to help to identify the urgent problems of any given country, and then help to solve them.

This brings us back to our earlier consideration of the crucial importance of identifying precisely the most urgent pro- jects. In this respect, a clear formulation of the Urgent Problem Index UPI might prove to be a meaningful tool for reaching such decisions. T h e U P I is a n e w attempt to m a k e it easier to arrive at a choice a m o n g an array of scientific problems needing to be solved.

Such an index, which needs to be denned m u c h more rigorously than is being attempted here for the first time, should take into consideration at least three ingredients: a the benefits that will accrue directly from the discoveries or innovations that are likely to follow particular problem solving the 'priority indicator' ; b the degree to which the same problem solving might lead to the solution of other urgent problems the 'synergistic indicator' ; and c the degree to which n e w problems, needing their o w n solutions, are raised by the initial problem solving the 'contra- productive indicator'.

These indicators, whose combined functioning produces the U P I , are all important in helping us to define the most urgent projects. If considered in isolation, the indicators give us only a partial pers- pective of the problems to be solved. In the last decade, it became fashionable for developing countries to bring out lists of priorities in research; this is an important first step in steering research into more productive channels.

T h e compilation of the U P I gives the exercise in priorities a more objective and thorough sense of assessment. Surely, there are areas of industrial endeavour that are so relevant to African countries, and where they can 99Thomas R. Odhiambo exploit their o w n natural resources to best advantage, enabling them to establish a lead in the world. A case point is the utili- zation in agriculture of the vast solar energy going to waste in the tropics, as well as its exploitation in industrial production and for domestic consump- tion.

The n e w urgency that African states- m e n feel for the development of their coun- tries requires that an earnest re-evaluation be m a d e of the place of science in this modern revolution. In making this reap- praisal, the tiny African scientific c o m - munity must take an active part.

For history is likely to show that Africa n o w , more than at any time in the long history of the evolution of m a n , must generate a n e w tempo of scientific enterprise and technological innovation. Only in this m a n - ner will it catapult itself into the present science-based civilization.

Only in this w a y will it ensure that its horizons for h u m a n development are ever expanding. Sunday Nation Nairobi , 29 October East Africa: science for development. Science, vol. The concept of Jok. African studies, vol. Transfer of technology and the second development decade. East Africa Journal, vol. Science in history. London, C. Watts, See esp. Chapter 14, 'Science and History', beginning p. Surplus labour and economic efficiency in the traditional sector of a dual economy: the Guatemalan case.

The journal of development studies, vol. N e w Delhi, People's Publishing House, A scientific safari to Africa. Science-policy and development ; the case of Israel. This volume is valuable in that it is oriented to the problems of research and development policy in emerging countries, using the Israeli model of experience.

Chijioke The technological gap between developed and develop- ing regions of the world has, in the case of Black Africa, identifiable sociological roots. There the child grows up deprived of an environment in which young persons are m a d e to feel at h o m e with gadgets and machines.

A minimum of technological awareness is essential, however, to a nation in its efforts to modernize itself. Elementary technical training and orderly exposure to mathematics should be essential parts of a child's education. These stimulate a sense of the world of technics, enabling tomorrow's leaders to guide their countries towards meaningful involvement in inter- national progress. It is with a feeling of alarm that one draws attention to the urgency of doing some- thing about the open-endedness of what is perhaps best described as the technology gap, the phenomenon of technology in the "Third World' lagging more and more behind that of the West—irrespective of all Professor Chijioke.

He has done research on dielectrics and automatic telephony in private industry, and is an enthusiast of tennis, chess and writing. It is as dismaying a spectre as it is characteristic of the phenomenon that, the more w e strive to close the gap, the more it appears to widen: Our trains still grind for nights and days over distances of less than k m , whereas Japan's Tokaido express train runs at k m per hour and Europe is seriously planning k m per hour trains.

Telephone and radio contacts over intra- national distances as short as 50 k m are, if Impact of Science on Society, Vol. Chijioke m a d e at all, a torture of noisiness and fadings, when any part of Western Europe can telephone any other part instantly. O n e need not even mention that the United States can chat with its astronauts on the m o o n! It reads almost trivially to cite instances which are evident wherever the eye turns.

The problem lies rather in finding the cure or cures. W e in the university have thought long and loud about the problem and have found some answers. But it is not a prob- lem that can be corrected fully at the university level because m u c h of the character of students is already formed by then.

The handicap stems from the child- hood of the present generation's student w h o did not play with, pull to pieces and put together again, toys and mechanisms that were comparable in ingenuity and finish with those of his European counter- parts. Even if he did, his healthy and per- haps harmless inquisitiveness would more likely than not have been nipped in the bud by parental scolding. Learning how a device works A s a result, the African child grows up having a wonder complex rather than a toy- attraction approach to machines.

H e mar- vels at the robot that moves and contorts like a m a n ; but he is not inclined to ask, let alone find out, h o w this happens. H o w m a n y of our schoolchildren k n o w , for example, h o w the leverage principle applies to a bicycle crank, or w h y the bicycle pedal works on ball bearings? Are there not youths in the top classes w h o do not even k n o w what a ball-bearing is, let alone the part of a clock that is the pendulum, or what it is that keeps it ticking.

O r h o w the aeroplane, the magic 'train-of-the air', is simply an application of the equilibrium of forces? O r h o w a car accelerates and h o w its gear-changing operates? H o w m a n y university graduates do not k n o w the difference between a generator and an oscillator, a petrol engine and a diesel en- gine or even petrol and diesel fuels, or between a Bailey bridge and a suspension bridge?

A second factor responsible for the gap is our largely untechnological milieu. There is not a requisite m i n i m u m of public technological awareness. It has been said that the source of wealth for any country is increased productivity through technology rather than the mere raising of earning power and living standards by education, as so often naively advocated by so-called public-spirited statesmen and educationists.

O n e is consequently impatient with the evidences of government uncertainty as to h o w pre-eminent a priority—as compared with the biological sciences, for instance— engineering should be. A n d this uncertainty is abetted by a lot of well-meaning but precipitate advice on the 'future of Nigeria relying mainly on agriculture'. Are the developed nations w e are supposed to be using as examples the United States, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom or Japan n o w relying mainly on their agriculture?

Unless it is to feed the rest of the world's industry with- out participating in it, there is no justifica- tion at all in this age for relegating engineer- ing to second place in the order of a devel- oping nation's priority needs. W h e n I say engineering I do so in the widest sense, including engineers so-called, A practical approach to early technical education and the various levels of technical m a n - power from the technologist to the artisan. I also include the general technological orientation of the non-technical popula- tion.

Y o u cannot have a maximally success- ful industrial revolution unless everybody, to the degree of his responsibility to indus- try, is technologically aware. In the so-called developed countries there is an automatic mechanism for ensuring a satisfactory m i n i m u m of techno- logical awareness of the public, stemming from their ubiquity in space and time, of electromechanical gadgets and of the indus- tries producing and depending on these. There is no need to recount that there exists in those nations no area of sleeping or waking life that is bereft of m a n - machine interactions.

The result is a general feeling of being 'at h o m e ' with machines, an attitude that is the antithe- sis of regarding these machines as witchcraft. Need for minimal technical awareness I a m not invoking here a debate on the sociophilosophicalimplications of amecha- nistic age. I a m advocating the necessity of a certain m i n i m u m technological aware- ness without which no nation today can claim to be modern or industrialized.

Recently the following pleasantly surpris- ing statement appeared in our local press: ' W e cannot become economically rich unless large numbers of population acquire the skill of productive industry. Technology per se is arid and unfruitful unless it is matched by the ability of a majority to do things.

The m i n i m u m will have been attained when the first thought of our people, on being presented with a novel achievement, is science with a feeling of pleasure—not magic with a feeling of awe—and enough curiosity to ask ' h o w ' , even if the subsequent explana- tions are not entirely understood. A n d I- include in this definition the availability of an adequate number of people with the appropriate knowledge to offer largely helpful explanations.

It is these cognoscenti w h o keep alive the glow of technology in the people's hearts, and thereby feed its flame in their life. The problem of the technology gap between us and the developed nations, therefore, is compounded by our largely non-technological background and tradi- tions and surroundings, as compared with the developed nations. Nobody , I think, disputes that this gap needs to be closed so that w e can not only raise the relative living standards of the masses of our people but also contribute to general world progress.

For m a k e no mistake about it: it is axio- matic that you cannot contribute to the lead- ership in any sphere of life until you have at least drawn level with that leadership. W h a t are the solutions? It is a problem that needs considerable thought and planning, and what I want to do is to raise it for public discussion and attention rather than to recommend ready- m a d e recipes as solutions.

Nevertheless, I believe there are some partial solutions that are almost self-evident. Chijioke Finding solutions; using mathematics This is where w e must start with the schools, secondary and indeed primary. Said Solo- m o n , son of the Psalmist: 'train up a child in the w a y he should go ' It is too late to wait, as w e often do n o w , for the tertiary educational stage before introducing our future engineers, doctors, adminis- trators, lawyers and others to the m a n - machine interface of a technological world that all of them must c o m e to terms with.

Especially with an age of space travel in the offing, our young people want to get technologically oriented, and the sooner the better. A s early as w h e n they are children and quite a few of their inhibitions can still be removed or avoided, the world of machines must become to them a natural instead of a magic one. Only thus can they compete on equal psychological terms with their colleagues elsewhere.

If w e agree that the applied scientist is chiefly responsible for the future progress of the world, at least in the material sense, you will feel something of h o w important it is that w e secure this equality of opportunity for —and therefore of contributions from—our children.

Although the school mathematical syllabus is only one area for engineering the advocated change in background, it is a fertile area, given the right methods. M y w a y of looking at things is that mechanics, geometry, trigonometry and mechanical drawings should not only be taught, but be illustrated three-dimensionally. D e - mountable spherical, conical and other solids, and models of m a p s and compass bearings should be used freely by the student to check his calculated values, to illustrate various aspects of sections and planes, and to draw perspective and sec- tional views.

Meccano sets should be available to classes in mechanics and statics. Execution of the plan should draw inspiration continually from, and point the finger to, its practical successes. For moti- vating the young scarcely anything works better; illustrations of theories should be drawn frequently from their successful application for these early classes in simple everyday life. H o w about, for exam- ple, calculating the height of your school's weathercock from measurements of its shadow, or the volume of the zenithal m o o n from its angular size?

Develop- ing curved surfaces and curvilinear solids from paper? Teaching mensuration, integration and approximation, alto- gether, by using drinking cups? Learning about skewness or asymmetry from models? Doing Chinese puzzles with models of triangles and squares and their circles?

Familiar illustrations such as these sharpen with sudden new light the student's interest and give him a penchant for more involved applications. A b o v e all the teacher should, in the process, aim at drawing out the students' initiatives and letting their imaginations roam wide: discourage all furtiveness, tolerate mistakes in these early attempts at matching theoretical and ap- plied mathematics, and dispose the class towards that necessary frank association in professional life between mathematician and engineer which multiplies their suc- cesses and atrophies their mistakes.

T h e primary aim is to think and apply, not to preclude all errors. Apart from familiarizing the student with three-dimen- sional thought pictures, these labs would also get him acquainted with the engineer's lack of misgivings about approximations, and the justifications thereof. T o o often those brought up in mathematics, where the emphasis had been all along on theore- tical mathematics, become inveterate stick- lers after impractically accurate refinements.

T o the engineer this is thanklessly expensive of time. H e wants above all the practicable. I think that, if mathematics lecturers could keep in mind the engineer's viewpoint as m u c h as they usually do the theoretical mathematician's, m u c h of the mistrust of approximation and of cut-and- try would disappear.

In the statistical world in which w e live the importance of the correct attitude of mind in this respect can scarcely be overemphasized. The school laboratory as an extension of classroom mathematics provides an ideal beginning, one that leads naturally to the discussion of attainable accuracies and allowable errors in a statistical world.

Notice that what I imply, hand-in- hand with practical demonstrations and illustrations, is that the discipline of mathe- matics is essential to creating the m i n i m u m of a technological awareness as defined earlier. Whether w e as a country partici- pate, in the international sense, in the exciting and uplifting events of the world depends a great deal also on h o w w e nur- ture the partnership in technology between mathematics and engineering.

O n e way not to do it is to allow young but lazy brains, whether they are those of supposedly budding engineers or not, to age without sufficient exposure to the discipline of mathematics. Insufficient exposure includes any permissive choice allowed students between pure and applied mathematics. The dichotomy between these two is, in the engineering context, very m u c h one of n a m e only; w e must beware h o w m u c h w e compartmentalize them. In any case, the abstruse theoretical studies of today often become the applied sciences of tomorrow.

If w e decide in favour of the need for a technocentric educational sys- tem—and the whole argument here is that w e must—the handmaid of mathematics must be more than only half-married to the plan. There are other essential steps W e must support with every effort possible the present deliberate policy of massive industrial training of graduate engineers overseas, particularly in countries like Japan, Israel and Brazil which have recently m a d e good or are n o w doing so.

Techno- logy must be given a priority that is second to none, both in the interpretation of government policies and in the mass media on which w e have to rely for crusading on the public front. Educational media of all types have to join forces in this reorienta- tion campaign. Within the universities and compar- able institutions appropriate workshop training should be given to all under- graduates as part of the general studies courses, even if this means lengthening their programmes slightly.

Meaningful industrial M. Chijioke training for engineering undergraduates under field and flow-line conditions of the factory should be increased to take up twelve of forty-eight or sixty months of undergraduateship. This last aspect of the preparation of the future engineer in the developing nations, a phase with which the developed na- tions will probably not sympathize wholly, cannot be overemphasized.

Without it the difference between two fresh engineering graduates who w e m a y otherwise hypo- thesize to have received identical training in the two worlds is, for the reasons indi- cated, rather like that between two air travellers w h o k n o w all about the theory of flying but only one of w h o m is used to air travel. The present is the age when, as future engineers, scientists, businessmen and administrators, the world's children m a y literally ask for the m o o n.

The pace of their life could become more fantastic than flights of fancy. Like air travellers, w e have a choice to understand and familiarize our body politic with the nature of the n e w movements. B y so doing, w e can feel at h o m e with and use this n e w movement extensively to improve communication with technologically oriented fellow beings anywhere.

O r , like the uncertain airsick patient, w e can refuse to adjust ourselves to the new pace and buoyancy, and become drop-outs along an inexorable march of progress that has time only for healthy and useful voyagers. Wealth from knowledge: studies of innovation in industry. London, Macmillan, Aubenas France , Editions Deux Mille, W h e n options are available, what is the widest choice of system?

The East African country of the United Republic of Tanzania confronted the situation, weighed the alternatives, then decided on the course to follow. Embracing neither classical capitalism nor a Marxist approach, Tanzania has elected to absorb science and technology at the rhythm she considers the most suit- able to her requirements. Poverty was almost unknown in pre-colo- nial Tanzania. There was no overpopula- tion, unemployment or underemployment, or famine. By the time of independence in late , however, Tanzania had become a poor country.

A few individuals were rich, but the great mass of the people was poor. This poverty was characterized by underemployment, illiteracy, malnutrition, A graduate of the London School of Economics and the British Institute of Management, Mr Omo- Fadaka was born and raised in Nigeria. He has travelled extensively in Africa. T o solve the prob- lem, Tanzania had three options. First, it could develop according to the 'Western' pattern of free-enterprise capi- talism.

Party leaders saw that, in fact, m a n y of the problems confronting their country had their roots in just this kind of develop- ment during the colonial past. Second, Tanzania could follow the Soviet pattern of development. D r Nyerere maintains that the Soviet system is no more capable of solving the problems of developing coun- tries than its Western rivals. The economy of a country such as Tanzania is markedly different from that of the U. It is agrarian and non-industrial, decentralized, all on a small scale.

The local, face-to-face communal ties of family, kinship, neighbourhood, c o m m o n ancestry, and religious obligations account for the organization of productive ability being controlled by social institutions. Socialism and c o m m u n i s m , as President Nyerere has pointed out, are meant to apply to large- scale industrialized economies possessing centralized planning.

Tanzania's President has also suggested that there is some truth in the notion of African c o m m u n i s m , yet From until the end of the First World War , Tanganyika w a s a German colony. The territory w a s then mandated under British administration by the League of Nations. The country became a republic in December , with Mwal imu Julius K. Nyerere elected president under universal adult suffrage. In April , Tanganyika and the neighbouring island of Zanzibar by then also independent agreed to form the Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar.

Dr Nyerere became President of the n e w , merged State k n o w n as Tanzania. The last is n o w Prime Minister of Tanzania. This African nation has an area of , square kilometres , square miles and a population of about 13 million. Its principal products are cassava, coffee, cotton, lint, maize, millet, peanuts, rice, sisal, sorghum and sweet potatoes; timber; sheep, pigs, goats, cattle and asses; poultry and fish. Its manufactures include tin concentrates, gold, diamonds, cement and electricity.

African societies are communalistic rather than communist.

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MeridianBet MeridianBet is an internationally recognized betting site which comes in different versions to suit numerous markets in the world. Tanzania is one of the gambling markets that benefit from the best services of this operator. The MeridianBet website is highly detailed and can be used by both new and experienced online punters. The exciting thing about this betting site is that it also offers virtual sports, keno games, soccer, badminton, hockey, boxing, and many others.

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There is a casino section where more than online slots and table games are available in fun mode and real money. They offer the same engaging experience, just like when you bet on a desktop. To start betting, you must sign up and verify your account. What makes this betting site stand out from other operators are the different bonuses offered.

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TBet TBet tanzania is a relatively new bookmaker in the betting world. You will find the homepage very easy to manoeuvre both on mobile devices and computers. TBet uses different incentives to lure new customers to sign up. To start, all new members have rewarded the first bet free of charge for starting your gambling career.

There is also a TBoost offer that multiplies the wins by up to Tanzanian shillings and Money Back bonus when a match is lost. Note that the welcome free bet bonus is subject to 5x wagering requirements before the winnings can be withdrawn. TBet betting site is tailored to be accessed across all platforms, including iPhone, iPad, Android, Windows and Linux.

It is effortless for new customers to deposit money into their TBet accounts. You must register on the website before you can use the money in the wallet. The minimum deposit is Tsh. The site features different communication channels like email and telephone to ensure that all questions from customers are answered on time. They also have an FAQ section where you will find answers to some of the frequently asked questions. The best thing about this betting site is that it is available in the Swahili language as well as English.

Sportpesa Sportpesa is one of the giant betting sites not only in Tanzania but in the whole African continent. The bookmaker was launched back in , in Kenya where it was rated as the leading betting site. It entered the Tanzanian betting market in where it has been very successful. Whether you are looking for local games or international games to bet on, Sportpesa is the site to check out.

Many Tanzanian bettors are attracted to this bookmaker because it is simple to create an account and enjoy betting on different markets. Sportpesa has earned an excellent reputation for its high odds on popular sports like basketball, cricket, ice hockey, motorsports, volleyball, handball, etc.

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There are decent odds for customers who choose in-play betting on football leagues. As one of the leading Tanzania betting sites, Sportpesa aims at providing safe gambling by creating awareness among members. This is an essential process as it helps them to be in control of their gambling activities. The operator understands the importance of hiring qualified customer support who work throughout the clock to ensure that all disputes have been solved.

It also has licenses from Curacao and Dutch Antilles. Though it is new in the market, it is operated by professional experts in the betting and casino industries. You will notice that the registration process is simple and offers seamless navigation both on small screen devices and desktop.

You can take advantage of generous odds by joining the live betting section at Fastbet. The website is neither available in Kiswahili nor accepts the TSh. Currency, but Tanzanians can register and bet on numerous international matches. Besides the attractive sportsbook, Fastbet also has a casino where you can find popular games like blackjack, roulette, baccarat and online slots, both in free mode and real money.

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As one of the youngest operators, Princessbet has played a significant role when it comes to giving back to society. They have supported many local soccer clubs and participation in other community tasks. Unlike other Tanzanian betting sites that we have mentioned, this operator accepts popular banking options like Visa, Mastercard, Skrill, PayKasa, and Bank Transfers.

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Virtual sports lovers can bet on virtual basketball, horse racing, soccer or dog racing for a chance to win big prizes. The bookmaker has a strikingly beautiful website with an excellent combination of blue, white and red colours. Many punters are attracted by free withdrawals, free SMS, price boosts and more. We suggest that you read the terms and conditions to know whether the rewards have wagering requirements or not. You will be lost for choice when it comes to deposit and withdrawal options at MkekaBet bookmaker.

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BikoSports BikoSports is a leading betting site that ventured into the Tanzanian online industry not so long ago. Though the website started with some challenges, especially with the language, changes have been made to improve usability. The moment the betting site has loaded, you will be presented with an intuitive interface.

BikoSport website is available in Swahili, but it can be translated to English too. All the information you require to start betting has been provided on the homepage. This operator gives players of all kinds a chance of becoming a millionaire with their jackpot prize of up to Tsh. Eligible jackpot players must deposit Tsh.

There are many top football tournaments to participate in, such as Premier League, Championship, Bundesliga, La Liga and many others. The website can also be opened through standard mobile browsers like Opera Mini, Chrome and Firefox. Before you start betting, you need to register and verify your account. The fastest way to send money to your account is via Tigo, Vodacom or Airtel mobile payment option.

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You can also chance your luck by playing virtual games like slot machines and traditional table and card games. The games are available in free play and real money versions to accommodate players with all budgets and plans. They have provided a step by step guide to help you deposit money using any payment option you like. With so many bettors shifting to mobile betting, Premier Bet bookmaker is built using the latest cutting edge technology to enable it to fit on all devices.

You can contact the support agents through toll-free telephone number 75 or send an email. Lastly, you can visit the FAQ section for answers to popular topics like deposits, cashouts, bonus, registration and more. Skybet is licensed and regulated by the UK Gambling Commission and Alderney Gaming and Control Commission and uses sophisticated security systems to protect data. The sign up is simple, and you will be ready to start betting in a few minutes. Even though Skybet is limited to a few countries, players from Tanzania are lucky to be among those that are accepted.

The bookmaker covers numerous betting markets such as American Football, baseball, motor racing, rugby, tennis, martial arts and more. Skybet has some of the best promotional offers in the market, such as money cashback, soccer boost and others. The good thing about this operator is that they provide simple tools to help you control your betting habit.

The tools will help you to determine your profit and losses, set deposit limits or opt for cool off periods. They have also partnered with GameStop — a top recommended self-exclusion site in the UK. Though they focus on the Asian and European markets, they have also spread their wings to Africa and are now accepting players from Tanzania. Both the sportsbook and the casino site are visually impressive and are packed with numerous betting options to choose from.

Getting started at Bet is not difficult, and it is free to create an account. Once registered, you will be required to validate your account and deposit money before you start betting. The deposits are accepted instantly while the withdrawals may delay because the operator adheres to Know Your Customer KYC policies.

They also employ Thwate security to protect all transactions. There are a multitude of products to choose from on this website, including sports, esports, casino games, live casino, virtual, lotto, and poker. They have some of the biggest odds on their sports. Another thing that attracts many Tanzanians is that the bookmaker does not have sharp limits.

In case you need help, there are trained support agents on standby to serve you through live chat, email or telephone. This Russian-based operator was started in and had been striving to become the biggest betting sites in the country. They have won several accolades as a result of their excellent services, including The Rising Star in Sports Betting Innovation. It offers an extensive selection of betting markets, high odds and different types of bets like the Asian Handicap, accumulators and in-play bets.

You get the full rights to bonuses, promotions, top sports leagues and payment options after creating an account with 1xBet. All new players are rewarded a signup bonus which is to be spent on a particular team in football tournaments. Thanks to their live streaming option, you can monitor your bets and soccer events in real-time. Other than football, you can bet on horse racing events or play your favourite online casino games for fun or real money.

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You can contact the support team at 1xbet via email, live chat or telephone, 24 hours 7 days. Betway Betway is an internationally recognized betting site which accepts Tanzanians to deposit and bet on different sports markets in the world. The website was launched in and had an admirable reputation of offering daily events and live betting. The best way to experience Betway is by increasing the size of the stakes. Besides the full range of bets, Betway also accepts some of the locally recognised banking options like Airtel Money, M-Pesa, Tigo Pesa and many others.

As you might expect, Betway Tanzanian betting site has an impressive interface which is designed to appeal to players. You can also choose to bet on international tournaments like Bundesliga, Champions League, Greek Super League and others. Other than soccer, Betway also offers bets for popular sports like badminton, handball, ice hockey, rugby, tennis, boxing and cycling.

Like other world-class betting sites, this bookmaker is mobile-friendly, meaning you can register, deposit and place bets on different sports. It is compatible with all smartphones and tablets that are powered by Android, iOS and Windows. You only need a stable internet connection to start betting on your smartphone. The operator prides in offering tailored and complete customer support through email, telephone and live chat. Their FAQ section covers all the questions and answers you may want to know about Betway betting site in Tanzania.

Safaribet Safaribet is one of the fastest-growing online betting sites in Tanzania, despite having originated from Ghana. This website offers numerous pre-matches as well as live betting to all players.

Many players are joining this bookmaker because of the full range of sports, which gives them many betting options. Be it soccer, tennis, handball, baseball, rugby, cricket or basketball you are looking for, you will find at Safaribet.

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Safaribet is also available on social networks like Facebook and Twitter. SokaBet Sokabet has a sister bookmaker in Tanzania, Mkekabet which offers the same exciting experience. What makes this bookmaker a favourite are over 20 different sports, betting options, and more than , matches for TZ players to choose from. Among the popular sports, you will find include soccer, tennis, basketball, futsal, volleyball and many more.

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How we choose the top UK free bet providers The betting industry is highly competitive, meaning the top UK bookmakers constantly have new offers, promotions and free bets on offer. Finding the best free bets for you Our bets, offers and bonuses are listed and organised to make finding the best deals as easy as possible for you as a punter. We list all of the relevant information for all of the offers listed on our website, from minimum deposits to money back offers.

Interested in betting on a particular sport? Just choose it from our menu to see a complete list of all available free bets and promotions. As well as free bets, we list and compare accumulator bonus offers, best odds guaranteed bookmakers and more. You can also view enhanced odds offers, reload bonuses and other special promotions by using the links above. How to claim free bets Claiming free bets is fast and easy. New customer sign up free bets Many of our bookmakers offer free bets for new customer signups, letting you bet free after you create your account.

These offers are limited to new customers only and usually cannot be used if you already have an account with the betting website. What types of free bets are available online? Our list of free bets includes a huge range of different options, from matched deposit bonuses to risk free bets.

You can find a complete list of our free bet types below, along with information on how each free betting offer works. Risk-Free Bets Risk-free bets let you to make a bet, all without any risk of losing. Many bookmakers offer risk-free betting offers to new customers, letting you bet without having to worry about losses. Matched Deposit Bets Matched deposit bets allow you to match your deposit when you join a new betting website and fund your account. List of 25 Best Betting Sites in Tanzania The following top betting sites have been tested by our experts to ensure that they meet the set standards in the gambling world.

Some of the critical factors to consider when shopping for the best sites are, range of betting options, accepted payment methods, size of odds, security and licensing, mobile compatibility and availability customer support. Our leading betting sites in Tanzania that meet the mentioned features are: Parimatch For more than 15 years, Parimatch Group has been running sports betting shops not only in Tanzania but across Africa.

This company also manages all the operations of Parimatch bookmaker, which is licensed and regulated by Curacao eGaming. This betting site is also licensed by several local authorities in Cyprus, Belarus and Russia. They boast of a vast range of sports, competitive odds, pre-match, live events, fast payout options and more. It is quite simple and straightforward for new customers to sign up and bet on their favourite sports or tournaments at PariMatch.

Besides, players are allowed to deposit or withdraw their wins using Tigo Pesa and Vodacom Mpesa mobile payment options. This bookmaker has an excellent support team working around the clock to provide solutions to all customers. Parimatch bookmaker is designed to be used on smartphones and tablets. Alternatively, you can access the website instantly via standard web browsers like Chrome, Firefox and Safari. The site is very intuitive and can be used by people with all experiences.

They are also available on social media platforms like Facebook, WhatsApp and Twitter. Betpawa If you are searching for a betting site with the best prices, big bonuses, no fees or minimum bet, then you should opt for BetPawa. Unlike many other bookmakers, BetPawa is designed by Africans and for the African betting market. The website is attractive and straightforward, and it is designed with standard green, white and black colours.

You will enjoy high-quality graphics, fast loading speed and appealing design whether you open it on smartphone, tablets or desktop. There is a search engine on the top bar where you can search for events and tournaments directly. You can select your betting market from the drop list in the top left corner of the homepage. BetPawa betting site offers popular sports, including football, rugby, volleyball, cricket, American Football and Basketball. Though they have limited live betting options, you will find some decent markets for popular leagues and matches.

What attracts many Tanzanians to this betting site is the huge jackpot prize worth TSH The exciting thing about BetPawa is that you can deposit money to your account using the phone you used to register. The process is simple and takes a couple of minutes to be completed. They have an exceptional customer support team that provides solutions to all types of disputes. The agents are friendly and highly trained about casino topics. They take pride in having more than 35 betting shops in different parts of Dar es Salaam, and more are being opened.

Their goal is to provide Tanzanian bettors with multiple betting options with the highest odds in the industry. What lures many punters to Throne Bet are the different sizes of bonuses that are offered. The fact that the company is licensed and regulated by the Gaming Board of Tanzania has helped to win the trust of customers.

Contrary to other leading betting sites that we have listed, you must visit Throne Bet shops to wager on your favourite teams. There are around betting odds for different sports events available daily. This includes over 60 betting odds for football and more than 40 for other betting markets like basketball, volleyball, baseball, ice hockey and more.

The advantage of using the Throne Bet is that payments for the winning ticket are made instantly after the sports event has ended. Additionally, winning tickets must be collected within 60 days. Punters can also find complete fixtures, daily update fixtures, and short fixtures in downloadable pdf formats.

Note that gambling is allowed to people above 18 years old. If you experience any problems the support agents are available through email [email protected]. Visit any of Throne Bet betting shops today and bet on live events and other popular sports.

Unfortunately, the online version of this betting site has not yet been launched, but we hope to see it in the coming days. MeridianBet MeridianBet is an internationally recognized betting site which comes in different versions to suit numerous markets in the world.

Tanzania is one of the gambling markets that benefit from the best services of this operator. The MeridianBet website is highly detailed and can be used by both new and experienced online punters. The exciting thing about this betting site is that it also offers virtual sports, keno games, soccer, badminton, hockey, boxing, and many others. Online casino lovers will find more than exciting games to choose from, including blackjack, roulette, slots and live dealer variations.

As you expect, the homepage is simple to navigate, with all necessary functionalities marked for easy finding. There is a casino section where more than online slots and table games are available in fun mode and real money. They offer the same engaging experience, just like when you bet on a desktop. To start betting, you must sign up and verify your account.

What makes this betting site stand out from other operators are the different bonuses offered. However, you must deposit via M-Pesa to claim the welcome bonus. New customers are provided with different options to deposit money into their accounts, including Vodacom M-Pesa, Voucher, Airtel Mobile money and others. At MeridianBet betting site, players can choose to cash out wins using the same options they used to deposit. M-Bet M-Bet sports betting site was established back in , but it entered the Tanzanian gambling market in The operator has made a name for its numerous football bets as well as featuring one of the biggest jackpots in Tanzania.

They have a well-structured payment system that allows them to provide efficient transactions throughout. Customers are provided with several banking options, such as Vodacom, Tigo, Airtel or Halotel for reliable payments. The minimum deposit is Tsh, and the maximum deposit is , Tsh.

The fascinating thing about this operator is that you can wager on all sports in the palm of your hand. There are dozens of football bets available at the bookmaker, such as double chance, handicap, over-under, both teams to score and much more. Tanzanians can deposit and win up to 85, , Tsh with the Perfect 12 offer. Also, the site is protected using advanced firewalls and modern encryption keys to provide a safe gambling environment.

Additionally, the operator provides several control tools to help players with gambling problems. They have a 24 hr, 7 day a week customer support service offered through telephone or email [email protected] M-Bet bookmaker is also active on social networks like Facebook, Twitter and YouTube. TBet TBet tanzania is a relatively new bookmaker in the betting world.

You will find the homepage very easy to manoeuvre both on mobile devices and computers. TBet uses different incentives to lure new customers to sign up. To start, all new members have rewarded the first bet free of charge for starting your gambling career. There is also a TBoost offer that multiplies the wins by up to Tanzanian shillings and Money Back bonus when a match is lost. Note that the welcome free bet bonus is subject to 5x wagering requirements before the winnings can be withdrawn.

TBet betting site is tailored to be accessed across all platforms, including iPhone, iPad, Android, Windows and Linux. It is effortless for new customers to deposit money into their TBet accounts. You must register on the website before you can use the money in the wallet. The minimum deposit is Tsh. The site features different communication channels like email and telephone to ensure that all questions from customers are answered on time.

They also have an FAQ section where you will find answers to some of the frequently asked questions. The best thing about this betting site is that it is available in the Swahili language as well as English. Sportpesa Sportpesa is one of the giant betting sites not only in Tanzania but in the whole African continent. The bookmaker was launched back in , in Kenya where it was rated as the leading betting site.

It entered the Tanzanian betting market in where it has been very successful. Whether you are looking for local games or international games to bet on, Sportpesa is the site to check out. Many Tanzanian bettors are attracted to this bookmaker because it is simple to create an account and enjoy betting on different markets. Sportpesa has earned an excellent reputation for its high odds on popular sports like basketball, cricket, ice hockey, motorsports, volleyball, handball, etc.

The operator values the safety of their customers which is why they employ world-class security protocols like the SSL encryption software. Also, all the activities on the betting site are monitored by the Gaming Board of Tanzania. The reason why Sportpesa has been very successful despite being a newcomer is the big jackpots, especially in football matches. You can win up to TSH , , jackpot prize when you deposit Tsh and correctly predict 13 matches.

There are decent odds for customers who choose in-play betting on football leagues. As one of the leading Tanzania betting sites, Sportpesa aims at providing safe gambling by creating awareness among members. This is an essential process as it helps them to be in control of their gambling activities.

The operator understands the importance of hiring qualified customer support who work throughout the clock to ensure that all disputes have been solved. It also has licenses from Curacao and Dutch Antilles. Though it is new in the market, it is operated by professional experts in the betting and casino industries. You will notice that the registration process is simple and offers seamless navigation both on small screen devices and desktop. You can take advantage of generous odds by joining the live betting section at Fastbet.

The website is neither available in Kiswahili nor accepts the TSh. Currency, but Tanzanians can register and bet on numerous international matches. Besides the attractive sportsbook, Fastbet also has a casino where you can find popular games like blackjack, roulette, baccarat and online slots, both in free mode and real money. The games are powered by reputable game developers and are certified to ensure that they are safe and fair. This supports widely accepted payment options like Trustly to enable customers to transfer funds to and from their accounts.

Fastbet website is available in three languages, English, Svenska and Suomeksi. They have unmatched customer support open 24 hours, every day where you can reach the agents via email [email protected] or live chat. Fastbet bookmaker takes the issue of responsible gambling very seriously. Some of the solutions they provide include setting playing limits, deposit limits, wager limits, time out and more. PrincessBet PrincessBet is a new kid in the Tanzanian betting sites category, having been founded in The operator enjoys the broad market of the famous Princess International Group, which is responsible for more than 30 other betting sites.

As one of the youngest operators, Princessbet has played a significant role when it comes to giving back to society. They have supported many local soccer clubs and participation in other community tasks. Unlike other Tanzanian betting sites that we have mentioned, this operator accepts popular banking options like Visa, Mastercard, Skrill, PayKasa, and Bank Transfers. PrincessBet does not take chances when it comes to the safety of their customers.

They have invested in the latest security programs to ensure that your data and funds are safe. The website is beginner-friendly, with all essential functions indicated on the homepage. You can quickly change between languages by pointing the cursor in the top right corner box with a flag. All new customers must confirm their age by ticking in the box at the bottom of the page. The bookmaker offers three main products, sports betting, live betting and virtual games.

Some of the popular sports events include but not limited to cricket, darts, volleyball, tennis, basketball and soccer. Virtual sports lovers can bet on virtual basketball, horse racing, soccer or dog racing for a chance to win big prizes. The bookmaker has a strikingly beautiful website with an excellent combination of blue, white and red colours. Many punters are attracted by free withdrawals, free SMS, price boosts and more.

We suggest that you read the terms and conditions to know whether the rewards have wagering requirements or not. You will be lost for choice when it comes to deposit and withdrawal options at MkekaBet bookmaker. Any information and money that is shared on this site are protected with the state of the art systems to prevent fraud and other cybercrimes. If you love betting on matches in real-time, then the in-play section will do you some justice.

Here, you can bet on live events in football, tennis, darts, crickets, basketball, etc. The exciting thing is that MkekaBet betting site is compatible with smartphones, tablets and desktop. The customer support of MkekaBet works perfectly. They have friendly and knowledgeable agents available through email [email protected] or call The FAQ part features comprehensive answers to common questions about registration, depositing, placing bets, multi-betting, mobile betting, and claiming bonuses.

BikoSports BikoSports is a leading betting site that ventured into the Tanzanian online industry not so long ago. Though the website started with some challenges, especially with the language, changes have been made to improve usability. The moment the betting site has loaded, you will be presented with an intuitive interface. BikoSport website is available in Swahili, but it can be translated to English too.

All the information you require to start betting has been provided on the homepage. This operator gives players of all kinds a chance of becoming a millionaire with their jackpot prize of up to Tsh. Eligible jackpot players must deposit Tsh. There are many top football tournaments to participate in, such as Premier League, Championship, Bundesliga, La Liga and many others.

The website can also be opened through standard mobile browsers like Opera Mini, Chrome and Firefox. Before you start betting, you need to register and verify your account. The fastest way to send money to your account is via Tigo, Vodacom or Airtel mobile payment option. The good news is you can cash out your money using the same option you used to deposit. BikoSport has a reliable customer support team which can be contacted through telephone , email [email protected] or live chat.

Premier Bet As one of the biggest bookmakers in Tanzania and Africa, Premier Bet is one of the most interesting betting sites you will ever find. All the products that they offer are highlighted on the homepage, making it the best place for newbies as well as experienced bettors. At Premier Bet, wins can be determined by betting experience, knowledge of matches or only your luck. The operator has various products to choose from, such as pre-match and live betting, football jackpots, promotions and virtual games.

Besides a wide range of products, the operator rewards up to TSh. You can also chance your luck by playing virtual games like slot machines and traditional table and card games. The games are available in free play and real money versions to accommodate players with all budgets and plans. They have provided a step by step guide to help you deposit money using any payment option you like. With so many bettors shifting to mobile betting, Premier Bet bookmaker is built using the latest cutting edge technology to enable it to fit on all devices.

You can contact the support agents through toll-free telephone number 75 or send an email. Lastly, you can visit the FAQ section for answers to popular topics like deposits, cashouts, bonus, registration and more. Skybet is licensed and regulated by the UK Gambling Commission and Alderney Gaming and Control Commission and uses sophisticated security systems to protect data. The sign up is simple, and you will be ready to start betting in a few minutes.

Even though Skybet is limited to a few countries, players from Tanzania are lucky to be among those that are accepted. The bookmaker covers numerous betting markets such as American Football, baseball, motor racing, rugby, tennis, martial arts and more. Skybet has some of the best promotional offers in the market, such as money cashback, soccer boost and others. The good thing about this operator is that they provide simple tools to help you control your betting habit.

The tools will help you to determine your profit and losses, set deposit limits or opt for cool off periods. They have also partnered with GameStop — a top recommended self-exclusion site in the UK. Though they focus on the Asian and European markets, they have also spread their wings to Africa and are now accepting players from Tanzania.

Both the sportsbook and the casino site are visually impressive and are packed with numerous betting options to choose from. Getting started at Bet is not difficult, and it is free to create an account. Once registered, you will be required to validate your account and deposit money before you start betting. The deposits are accepted instantly while the withdrawals may delay because the operator adheres to Know Your Customer KYC policies.

They also employ Thwate security to protect all transactions. There are a multitude of products to choose from on this website, including sports, esports, casino games, live casino, virtual, lotto, and poker. They have some of the biggest odds on their sports. Another thing that attracts many Tanzanians is that the bookmaker does not have sharp limits. In case you need help, there are trained support agents on standby to serve you through live chat, email or telephone.

This Russian-based operator was started in and had been striving to become the biggest betting sites in the country. They have won several accolades as a result of their excellent services, including The Rising Star in Sports Betting Innovation. It offers an extensive selection of betting markets, high odds and different types of bets like the Asian Handicap, accumulators and in-play bets.

You get the full rights to bonuses, promotions, top sports leagues and payment options after creating an account with 1xBet.

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