Episodes of pka where they talk about cryptocurrency mining
We need to build the equivalent three algorithms for our new scheme. These two algorithms will be the key generation and signature verification algorithms So two-thirds of our task of designing the new scheme is already done. Each of the novel elements that shows up in will therefore appear in the signing algorithm. Like all signing algorithms, this algorithm takes in a secret signing key and some message to be signed. It will output a signature. At the highest level, our new signing algorithm will have two subcases, chosen by a branch that depends on the input message to be signed.
This will output a perfectly nice signature that we can expect to work just fine. It will instead output the secret key for the entire signature scheme. Recall that under the UF-CMA definition I described above, our attacker is allowed to ask for signatures on arbitrary messages. Now you too are a certificate authority. If we could prove this, then our scheme basically just reduces to being the original secure scheme. Which means our new scheme would be secure.
Anyone who knows the password can break the scheme. Everything now depends on whether an attacker can figure out that password. Because this is computer science and nothing is ever easy, the message will actually be a computer program. More concretely, it will be some kind of program that can decoded within our new signing algorithm, and then evaluated on some input by an interpreter that we will also place within that algorithm.
What really matters is the functioning of the program P. And not just any hash function. To actually trigger the backdoor, the algorithm P must a function that is identical to, or at least highly similar to, the random oracle function H. There are several ways that the signing algorithm can verify this similarity.
This seems fundamentally hard. To do this precisely — meaning that P would match H on every input — the attacker would need to query the random oracle on every possible input, and then design a program P that encodes all of these results. It suffices to say that this strategy would not be practical: it would require an exponential amount of time to do any of these, and the size of P would also be exponential in the input length of the function.
So this attacker would seem virtually guaranteed to fail. However, even this seems pretty challenging to get away with. This approach will catch a cheating attacker with very high probability. We will end up using a slightly more elegant approach to checking the function and arguing this point further below. The above is hardly an exhaustive security analysis. This instantiated hash function must, by definition, be efficient to evaluate and describe.
This means implicitly that it possesses a polynomial-size description and can be evaluated in expected polynomial time. If we did not require this, our schemes would never work. Moreover, we must further assume that all parties, including the attacker, possess a description of the hash function.
With these facts stipulated, the problem with our new signature scheme becomes obvious. In this setting, the attacker actually does have access to a short, efficient program P that matches the hash function H. In practice, this function will probably be something like SHA2 or Blake2.
Since the attacker possesses this program, they can easily encode it into a short enough message and send it to the signing oracle. Hence, out in the real world our scheme is always and forever, totally broken. But doing this exhaustively requires exponential time.
The MRH paper proposes a very neat alternative way to tackle this. They propose to test the functions on a few input values, and not even random ones. However, if H is a random oracle, this is vastly harder for the attacker to exploit. The result of evaluating a random oracle at q distinct points should be a random string of at minimum q bits in length. Yet in order for the backdoor to be triggered, we require the encoding of program P to be less than half that size.
You can therefore think of the process by which the attacker compresses a random string into that program P to be a very effective compression algorithm, one takes in a random string, and compresses it into a string of less than half the size. Despite what you may have seen on Silicon Valley NSFW , compression algorithms do not succeed in compressing random strings that much with high probability. This effectively neutralizes the backdoor when H is a random oracle.
So what does this all mean? Judging by actions, and not words, the cryptographers of the world have been largely split on this question. Theoretical cryptographers, for their part, gently chuckled at the silly practitioners who had been hoping to use random functions as hash functions. Brushing pipe ash from their lapels, they returned to more important tasks, like finding ways to kill off cryptographic obfuscation. Speaking from personal experience, this was a wonderful time.
Practitioners went right on trusting the random oracle model. Because really, why not? Nobody would ever design a scheme that looks so ridiculous. What real-world protocol would do something so stupid? Well, maybe and maybe not. One simple response to this argument is that there are examples of schemes that are significantly less artificial, and yet still have random oracle problems.
By that point, the scheme may be powering our certificate authority infrastructure, or Bitcoin, or our nuclear weapons systems if one wants to be dramatic. It's Leo Laporte : So I'm watching ridiculous. The credits I'm saying Colin Ferrell was in this movie. With a, this is the new thing. Now, if you're an actor, you gotta, you gotta do the the prosthetics and the heavy.
You gotta argue yourself up. I'm gonna see if I can find a shot. It doesn't look like co Ferrell. Rene Ritchie : So many act, so many movies are so sterile and so pretty and so perfect. This is not, this is great that this is a complete repudiation of all of that. And like, Patrick, I really hope it leads to some, to a lot more interesting ways of, of making these big budget movies, cuz you don't have to be the digitally perfect we're way beyond like just pure green screen and warehouses.
There's so many interesting things we can do both digitally and optically. And I hope this starts to send this end. June starts to set that trend, reset that trend. Andy Ihnatko : That that's something I find so annoying. I, I enjoyed, I enjoyed death on the Nile when I watched it last week, but it was, it was that to an extreme where it real life and real photography, you don't have complete HDR, like Instagram style imagery frame by frame, by frame.
And it's like, I, I kind of enjoyed the TV version more because when the boat is like, it's a beautiful shot of this boat going going up the river. But the thing is the sky it's okay for the sky to be gray. It's okay. To further be bright spots and dark spots in it.
It's okay for the camera. Not to be in exactly the right position to catch this bird that happened to be flying away. It's like, that's what that was. Why it felt like a video game watching this modern movie. And one of the reasons why a lot of modern action movies kind of don't do it for me because everyone's concerned about, well, if we're gonna do the sky digitally, I want three, no, make it four seagulls, no, make it mock Mockingbird flying in this formation and they land on this thing.
And there's nothing that's random. And there's nothing that isn't like. So choreographed Rene Ritchie : In this, they put on the lens so that the rain would hit it and stay on it. It wouldn't get Leo Laporte : Cleaned off. There's so much rain in this movie. Like it looks like Chicago and this Gotham, which doesn't look like any city, Leo Laporte : Oh, by the way, the art direction in this, you will love how Gotham looks.
The art direction in this is spectacular. Especially with the cities. I can't wait to score. Andy Ihnatko : They're they're ma they were making a real movie. They weren't making an event. That's why, that's what I want. It's funny Leo Laporte : That mention the death on the Nile. Cuz I went back and watched the , Peter Houston of death on the Nile. It was so much better for one reason it was actually shot in Egypt. And I recognize these places and I mean, it's real. I've only seen bits and pisses that a couple of us talking about and that the effects looks so bad.
They're so like I that's part of it is just, it just looks like they really just ran outta money or something. Don't worry about it. But it's like, I, I wish that I wish that every director would get the one memo that says that not everything has to be a drone shot. I, I know that you can make the camera, start the bottom and then track all the way up as you go past this monument.
It's okay to put the camera on a tripod, lock it to down, get your establishing shot and then cut to someplace closer. Cuz that was, yeah. That that's things that kind of bug me. Leo Laporte : I was watching a TV show. I can't remember what it was, but they were using tripods. I could tell the, the shots were perfect and static and we have gone so far beyond that. Nobody does that anymore so that when you see it, it's so like, wow, that's very old fashioned, a, a steady shot.
Alex Lindsay : I think the matrix kind of just cracked the whole window. And then everyone just flew through it. Now we're finding our way back. But the matrix was so far out there. That it changed how we made films. Andy Ihnatko : They didn't realize that people don't realize that the reason why the matrix did it that way is because that that's part of, that's consistent with the story that they are not in a real place.
This is in a simulation where that kind of stuff can be due. Then we wind up in I've. I, I, I haven't seen the sequel to oh God, I can't remember the name, but it was the, the, the, the, the, the quartet of, of magicians. Now you see it now you see him, I think anyway, so there there's a sequel to this bad movie in which they're a great scene that could have been done great with practical effects where one of them has a card, but they're being searched.
The four of them are being searched. And they're surreptitiously because they're magicians that have slight of hand can like pass it to, to each other, without anybody who's like searching them, knowing that they have it. And if they'd done it as a practical effect, it could have been magic, but instead it's all digital, you know, the card isn't there.
And then there's one where, okay, I'm gonna flick it behind my, behind my ear. It's gonna land in the collar of one of my compatriots. But of course, again, let's have like a micro drone camera follow. That CA that, that CA that car is it spins, spin, spins, and then lands in the neck. And it's like, okay, I have, no, I have, I'm not in this scene whatsoever. I watch Leo Laporte : Continue this hole.
And they are unlike the state NFL using helmet cams, and they're using drones and they're showing off the drones. Now, admittedly, the drone footage is not as high quality, but it's amazing as you're watching the game, you can see the drones buzz around the players. They even did one drone shot that stops up starts up in the boxes, SWOS down over the crowds, onto the field.
Look at this. This is incredible. Now I'm sure player's gonna hit a drone at some point. But they're little. And it's the, this is, this is, I'm hoping Apple, if get NFL will, will start to do some interesting things. And this is smart of the us L cuz they've got, I impress people. And NFL football is like 50 million game. So there's a lot of, lot of, Leo Laporte : I think these are, I think these are consumer looking drones. I would guess. I don't probably Alex Lindsay : Are. I mean the, the main thing is, is that what's great about it.
Look Leo Laporte : At this shot again. It's got a, this is a single shot with a drone. NFL's experiment. And they have those super short depth of field shots that don't really work at. Leo Laporte : They're interesting. They certainly cut. Cut your attention all that time. You could Alex Lindsay : Stop it down to 2. Like you don't have to open it up to one point.
They're trying Leo Laporte : To show off, you know, I, they have right. Andy Ihnatko : Also improves the storytelling. That's that's it's all to the good. Leo Laporte : Yeah. Rene Ritchie : Yeah. I was the last thing I wanted to add quickly was that on Twitter, there's Toon, sore, and Todd Ziri two ILM artists who, or supervisors and they have the best conversations and also share just tons of information about SFX gone.
And gone wrong. Both practical and, and CGI, cuz you could screw up practical effects all day long as well. So it's really, really interesting Alex Lindsay : To learn. Todd's great. You should definitely follow him. He's got great posts all the time. Andy Ihnatko : This is a really great menu app that I just discovered last week, but it solves a basic problem with Bluetooth. It's called a tooth fair and basic. And all it does is allows you to create a little menu menu bar icon for each of the Bluetooth devices that you keep interacting with.
So for instance, my, my problem is that I've got this really great Bluetooth speaker in the office that I often, when I'm listen, when I'm not doing a show or not really listening to like really, really great music or anything I keep connecting to, but there's so many steps to connect and disconnect from it.
Cause I don't want to then be doing a podcast. And then, oh, it thinks that my microphone and my speaker are this Google, this, this Google nest mask, Mac speaker. But now it's an icon that's in my menu bar. Andy Ihnatko : I can simply click on it and it will connect, click on it again, disconnect. If it's like my Bluetooth, if it's like my Bluetooth headphones, it will, if a third party, it will connect disconnect to that.
Show me my battery, battery access any Bluetooth device. And theq can when you create, when you create this menu, it, it will also let you choose what kind of icon you want. So it's what it's, you can easily get, let this get outta hand, but as a solution for it, there is, I want, I don't necessarily always keep connected to but it's enough of a pain of the butt connecting and disconnecting that I wish I'm not using it as much as I wanted to.
This is six bucks. Well spent does a very, very simple thing.
PERFECT ETHEREAL BREATH OF THE DYING
Click here for more info about bitcoin mining. According to some estimates, bitcoin mining uses more electricity than 12 US states. The number is also likely to be underestimated, as it does not include data from China or Russia, where some mining occurs.
The biggest problem with using cryptocurrency mining as an investment is that the market for it is highly volatile. A central bank or government does not regulate cryptocurrencies, so their value can fluctuate wildly daily. Sometimes even by thousands of dollars per coin in a single day. If a large-scale blackout does happen, it could take weeks, months, or years to go back online, depending on how badly damaged the system was. For example, a hacker causes a blackout by taking down major power stations with an EMP weapon.
Getting back online again would require replacing thousands of miles of copper wire infrastructure and all the hardware that supports it and connects us to each other. Some believe that cryptocurrencies are not sustainable in their current form due to their excessive energy usage. The amount of energy used to mine cryptocurrency is one of the most common criticisms of cryptocurrencies. It is said that Bitcoin, for example, uses as much electricity as entire countries like Ireland or Austria and conservative estimates put the total at 2.
Of course it can. Can it suddenly reach higher values? Yes, for sure. The market is dynamic and volatile. Regardless of what happens, though, the high-end computers and equipment miners use hold their value very well. This means that if you decide to quit the market or the cryptocurrency you were working to mine suddenly crashes, you would still have value in the equipment you used to mine the currency. Being Your Own Boss - Once you start feeling the real results of cryptocurrency mining and you become a good miner, you can even consider quitting your job and setting your own hours and rules of working.
Stand Against Centralised Regulation - Cryptocurrency is decentralised and practically untraceable. This means that miners get the privacy they need to make as much money as they can and do what they want with the money. There are few countries which have imposed some regulations, however, ultimately cryptocurrency is bet against centralised monetary regulation.
What about cryptocurrency mining disadvantages? Depreciation - This is something you should be well aware of, way before you even consider getting into the world of cryptocurrency. Cryptocurrencies hold a risk of losing their value which automatically turns your mining activities into a non-profitable investment. The cost of electricity can surely damage your earnings. In fact, most of your reward will probably go for electricity bills. Losing Your Digital Wallet - This happens more often than you might think.
Getting into the Wrong Mining Pool - This is something you should pay extra attention to. There are cases of dishonest organisers who manage mining pools. Do your research and engage with a mining company that is already established in the investment sector and has a good reputation.
It only makes sense that miners are contributing to blockchains because of the potential profit. However, the biggest concern for miners has always been the increasing difficulty of the puzzles in securing the blocks. The more puzzles are solved, the harder the difficulty of the next puzzle. Sometimes the difficulty increases exponentially. Not just that, but competition has got even harder as well. Compared to before, now there are more people in it for the reward, which means more computers have to race for the win.
One more thing has become an issue when it comes to mining. Profitable organisations and institutions started investing a substantial amount of money for efficient hardware. Not just that but they moved their mining rigs to dams and countries where electric power supply is less expensive. Organisations with significant capital have made investments in ASICs Application Specific Integrated Circuits , which are specifically designed to complete precise tasks, namely mining.
In the early days of mining, miners could make profits simply by using a home computer central processing unit, or CPU. However, using conventional CPUs is simply not profitable in most blockchains these days. In blockchains that use Proof of Work only individuals who are ready to make a significant investment in hardware rigs and electric power supplies can potentially end up with a reward.
However, as mentioned, corporations have entered the mining arena with full force in order to secure large cuts of the mining profits. Individuals, on the other hand, are struggling to compete in this space. Coin creation became entirely controlled by a handful of centralised powers, such as banks and financial organisations. Everyone seems to be asking the same question; If coin creation is centralised, how will the blockchain continue to bring decentralised solutions to everyday people?
The future of mining A lot is happening on the mining landscape. While POW seems to be favouring the biggest hardware rigs, newer schemes like Proof of Stake POS are already making a statement that reward miners based on a different set of factors. Gas -powered blockchain systems require developers to attach gas to a transaction. That gas will supply the computational power until the transaction is validated or until the gas runs out.
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